Hypophosphatemic Rickets (HR) is a relatively rare disease with an incidence of approximately 1 in 25,000. It is primarily caused by genetic or acquired factors leading to excessive renal phosphate excretion, resulting in severely low blood phosphate levels and impaired bone mineralization. In childhood, it manifests as frontal bossing, pigeon chest, rachitic rosary, limb deformities (bowlegs or knock-knees), growth retardation, short stature, waddling gait, and dental abnormalities (enamel defects, recurrent dental abscesses). In adulthood, symptoms include bone pain, muscle weakness, multiple fractures, height loss, and restricted mobility.

What is Multiple Sclerosis? Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disease characterized by multifocal inflammatory demyelination, axonal degeneration, and glial scar formation in the Central Nervous System (CNS). Clinical manifestations include cognitive decline, fatigue, muscle weakness, sensory abnormalities, ataxia, and progressive neurological disability. With approximately 2.8 million patients globally, MS predominantly affects young adults aged 20-40 and is the leading cause of non-traumatic neurological disability in this age group.Based on its natural history, MS is classified into four phenotypes: Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS, 80%), Secondary Progressive MS (SPMS), Primary Progressive MS (PPMS, 10%~15%), and Progressive Relapsing MS (PRMS, <5%).